東海大學智慧計算暨應用數學系 Department of Smart Computing and Applied Mathematics

基本程式設計 (Basic Programming)

指令 (Command)	描述 (Description)
int	整數型別 (Integer type)
float	浮點數型別 (Floating point type)
str	字串型別 (String type)
bool	布林型別 (Boolean type)
list	串列型別 (List type)
dict	字典型別 (Dictionary type)
set	集合型別 (Set type)
=	賦值運算子 (Assignment operator)
+	加法運算子 (Addition operator)
-	減法運算子 (Subtraction operator)
*	乘法運算子 (Multiplication operator)
/	除法運算子 (Division operator)
%	取餘運算子 (Modulo operator)
//	整數除法運算子 (Floor division operator)
**	指數運算子 (Exponentiation operator)
+=	加等於運算子 (Add and assign operator)
-=	減等於運算子 (Subtract and assign operator)
*=	乘等於運算子 (Multiply and assign operator)
/=	除等於運算子 (Divide and assign operator)
input()	從使用者獲取輸入 (Get input from the user)
print()	輸出到控制台 (Output to the console)
type()	返回變數的型別 (Return the type of a variable)
len()	返回序列的長度 (Return the length of a sequence)
range()	生成數字序列 (Generate a sequence of numbers)
sum()	計算序列中元素的總和 (Calculate the sum of elements in a sequence)
min()	返回序列中的最小值 (Return the smallest value in a sequence)
max()	返回序列中的最大值 (Return the largest value in a sequence)
abs()	返回數字的絕對值 (Return the absolute value of a number)
sorted()	返回排序後的序列 (Return a sorted sequence)
append()	向串列添加元素 (Add an element to a list)
remove()	從串列中移除元素 (Remove an element from a list)
pop()	移除並返回串列中的最後一個元素 (Remove and return the last element of a list)
clear()	清空串列 (Clear all elements from a list)
update()	更新字典中的元素 (Update elements in a dictionary)
keys()	返回字典中的所有鍵 (Return all keys in a dictionary)
values()	返回字典中的所有值 (Return all values in a dictionary)
items()	返回字典中的所有鍵值對 (Return all key-value pairs in a dictionary)

選擇敘述 (Selection Statements)

指令 (Command)	描述 (Description)
if	條件為真時執行代碼塊 (Execute a block of code if the condition is true)
elif	前一條件為假且當前條件為真時執行代碼塊 (Execute a block of code if the previous conditions were false and the current condition is true)
else	所有先前條件為假時執行代碼塊 (Execute a block of code if all previous conditions are false)
switch	根據變數的不同值執行不同代碼塊 (Execute different blocks of code based on the value of a variable; not natively available in Python, but can be mimicked using dictionaries)
case	在 switch 語句中定義不同的情況 (Define different cases in a switch statement; used in other languages like JavaScript, C++)
default	在 switch 語句中處理未匹配的情況 (Handle unmatched cases in a switch statement; used in other languages like JavaScript, C++)
三元運算子 (Ternary Operator)	根據條件返回不同的值 (Return a value based on a condition; syntax: `value_if_true if condition else value_if_false`)
match	在 Python 3.10 引入的模式匹配 (Pattern matching introduced in Python 3.10 for more complex conditional logic)
case	在 match 語句中定義模式 (Define patterns in a match statement)

迴圈敘述 (Loop Statements)

指令 (Command)	描述 (Description)
for	遍歷序列或可迭代對象的每一個元素 (Iterate over each element in a sequence or iterable object)
while	當條件為真時重複執行代碼塊 (Repeat executing a block of code while a condition is true)
break	提前終止迴圈 (Terminate the loop prematurely)
continue	跳過當前迭代的剩餘代碼，直接進入下一次迭代 (Skip the rest of the code in the current iteration and move to the next iteration)
range()	生成一個數字序列，常用於 for 迴圈 (Generate a sequence of numbers, commonly used in for loops)
enumerate()	同時獲取序列的索引和值，常用於 for 迴圈 (Get both index and value from a sequence, commonly used in for loops)
zip()	將多個可迭代對象配對組合，常用於 for 迴圈 (Pair elements from multiple iterables, commonly used in for loops)
else	在迴圈正常結束後執行的代碼塊 (A block of code executed after the loop finishes normally)
nested loops	在迴圈內嵌套另一個迴圈 (A loop inside another loop)

進階控制流程 (Advanced Control Flow)

指令 (Command)	描述 (Description)
try	嘗試執行代碼塊，捕捉可能發生的異常 (Attempt to execute a block of code, catching any exceptions that may occur)
except	處理 try 代碼塊中發生的異常 (Handle exceptions that occur in the try block)
finally	無論是否發生異常，總是執行的代碼塊 (A block of code that always executes, regardless of whether an exception occurred)
raise	主動引發異常 (Manually raise an exception)
assert	用於調試的斷言語句，當條件為假時引發 AssertionError (A debugging aid that tests a condition, raising an AssertionError if the condition is false)
with	用於管理資源的上下文管理器 (Used to wrap the execution of a block of code with methods defined by a context manager)
yield	生成器函數中返回值，保存函數狀態供下次調用 (Return a value from a generator function and save the function's state for future calls)
lambda	創建匿名函數 (Create an anonymous function)
pass	空語句，用作佔位符 (A null statement used as a placeholder)

函數 (Function)

操作 (Operation)	描述 (Description)
def function_name(parameters):	定義一個函式，包含函式名稱和參數 (Define a function with a name and parameters)
return value	從函式返回值 (Return a value from the function)
function_name(arguments)	調用函式並傳遞引數 (Call a function and pass arguments)
lambda arguments: expression	創建一個匿名函式 (Create an anonymous function)
*args	接收不定數量的參數 (Accept a variable number of positional arguments)
**kwargs	接收不定數量的關鍵字參數 (Accept a variable number of keyword arguments)
docstring	函式說明文件字串，用於描述函式的功能 (A string literal that describes the function's purpose)
function_name.__name__	取得函式的名稱 (Get the name of the function)
function_name.__doc__	取得函式的說明文件字串 (Get the docstring of the function)

串列 (Lists)

操作 (Operation)	描述 (Description)
list.append(x)	在串列末尾添加元素 x (Add element x to the end of the list)
list.extend(iterable)	使用可迭代對象擴展串列 (Extend the list by appending elements from the iterable)
list.insert(i, x)	在指定位置 i 插入元素 x (Insert element x at position i)
list.remove(x)	移除串列中第一個值為 x 的元素 (Remove the first item from the list whose value is x)
list.pop([i])	移除並返回指定位置 i 的元素，若未指定則移除並返回最後一個元素 (Remove and return the item at position i, or the last item if i is not specified)
list.clear()	移除串列中的所有元素 (Remove all items from the list)
list.index(x[, start[, end]])	返回串列中第一個值為 x 的元素的索引 (Return the index of the first item whose value is x, within the optional start and end limits)
list.count(x)	返回串列中值為 x 的元素數量 (Return the number of times x appears in the list)
list.sort(key=None, reverse=False)	對串列中的元素進行排序 (Sort the items of the list in place)
list.reverse()	反轉串列中的元素順序 (Reverse the elements of the list in place)
list.copy()	返回串列的淺複製 (Return a shallow copy of the list)

數組（Tuple）、集合（Set）以及詞典（Dictionary）

資料結構 (Data Structure)	操作 (Operation)	描述 (Description)
數組 (Tuple)	t = (1, 2, 3)	創建一個數組 (Create a tuple)
	t[i]	訪問數組中的元素 (Access an element in the tuple)
	len(t)	返回數組的長度 (Return the length of the tuple)
集合 (Set)	s = {1, 2, 3}	創建一個集合 (Create a set)
	s.add(4)	向集合中添加元素 (Add an element to the set)
	s.remove(3)	從集合中移除元素 (Remove an element from the set)
	s.union({4, 5})	返回兩個集合的聯集 (Return the union of two sets)
詞典 (Dictionary)	d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}	創建一個詞典 (Create a dictionary)
	d['a']	訪問詞典中的值 (Access a value in the dictionary)
	d['c'] = 3	添加或更新詞典中的鍵值對 (Add or update a key-value pair in the dictionary)
	del d['b']	移除詞典中的鍵值對 (Remove a key-value pair from the dictionary)
	d.keys()	返回詞典中的所有鍵 (Return all keys in the dictionary)

字串的運作 (String Operations)

操作 (Operation)	描述 (Description)
str.upper()	將字串中的所有字母轉換為大寫 (Convert all characters in the string to uppercase)
str.lower()	將字串中的所有字母轉換為小寫 (Convert all characters in the string to lowercase)
str.capitalize()	將字串的第一個字母轉換為大寫 (Convert the first character of the string to uppercase)
str.title()	將字串中每個單詞的首字母轉換為大寫 (Convert the first character of each word to uppercase)
str.strip()	移除字串兩端的空白符號 (Remove whitespace from both ends of the string)
str.lstrip()	移除字串左側的空白符號 (Remove whitespace from the left side of the string)
str.rstrip()	移除字串右側的空白符號 (Remove whitespace from the right side of the string)
str.find(sub[, start[, end]])	返回子字串在字串中的最低索引，若未找到則返回 -1 (Return the lowest index of the substring, or -1 if not found)
str.replace(old, new[, count])	將字串中的所有舊子字串替換為新子字串 (Replace all occurrences of the old substring with the new substring)
str.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1)	將字串拆分為子字串列表 (Split the string into a list of substrings)
str.join(iterable)	將可迭代對象中的元素連接成一個字串 (Join elements of an iterable into a single string)
str.format(args, *kwargs)	格式化字串 (Format the string using placeholders)
str.isdigit()	檢查字串是否只包含數字字符 (Check if the string consists only of digits)
str.isalpha()	檢查字串是否只包含字母字符 (Check if the string consists only of alpha

檔案與異常處理 (File and Exception Handling)

操作 (Operation)	描述 (Description)
open(file, mode)	打開檔案並返回檔案對象 (Open a file and return a file object)
file.read([size])	讀取檔案內容，若指定 size 則讀取指定大小的內容 (Read the contents of the file, optionally up to size bytes)
file.readline()	讀取檔案中的一行 (Read a single line from the file)
file.readlines()	讀取檔案中的所有行並返回列表 (Read all lines in the file and return them as a list)
file.write(string)	將字串寫入檔案 (Write a string to the file)
file.writelines(lines)	將多行寫入檔案 (Write a list of lines to the file)
file.close()	關閉檔案 (Close the file)
with open(file, mode) as f	使用上下文管理器打開檔案，自動處理檔案關閉 (Open a file using a context manager, automatically handling file closure)
try	嘗試執行代碼塊，捕捉可能發生的異常 (Attempt to execute a block of code, catching any exceptions that may occur)
except Exception as e	處理 try 代碼塊中發生的異常 (Handle exceptions that occur in the try block)
finally	無論是否發生異常，總是執行的代碼塊 (A block of code that always executes, regardless of whether an exception occurred)
raise	主動引發異常 (Manually raise an exception)
assert	用於調試的斷言語句，當條件為假時引發 AssertionError (A debugging aid that tests a condition, raising an AssertionError if the condition is false)

參考資料：

python

基本程式設計 (Basic Programming)

選擇敘述 (Selection Statements)

迴圈敘述 (Loop Statements)

進階控制流程 (Advanced Control Flow)

函數 (Function)

串列 (Lists)

數組（Tuple）、集合（Set）以及詞典（Dictionary）

字串的運作 (String Operations)

檔案與異常處理 (File and Exception Handling)